A sign is something a caregiver can observe, such as a bed sore or someone struggling to breathe. A symptom is something a patient experiences that may not be visible to others, such as pain or fatigue. It is important to look for both signs and symptoms of physical discomfort in someone who is near the end of life. 

Examples include 

Each of the signs and symptoms listed above can be reduced or relieved with treatments that can restore comfort.

It is common for someone at the end of life to feel short of breath or have trouble breathing. Health care providers may use the word dyspnea (disp-NEE-uh), which is the medical term for breathing problems. 

Struggling to take the next breath can make it hard for someone to talk or interact with others. Some simple ways to make it easier to breathe include

Sometimes doctors will prescribe morphine or other opioid medications to relieve the sensation of shortness of breath. There is good evidence to support this approach.

As people near death, their breathing may become noisier. This is caused by fluids collecting in the throat and large breathing tubes of the lungs, or by the throat muscles relaxing. Sometimes referred to as a “death rattle,” there may be medicine that can help. The most effective way to help the person who is dying is by changing the position of the body and chest every couple of hours or more frequently. Not all noisy breathing is a death rattle. 

People at the end of life sometimes suffer from nausea, vomiting, constipation, and loss of appetite. The causes for such symptoms are varied, so talk to a doctor or nurse right away. There are medicines that can control nausea and vomiting or relieve constipation.

Losing one’s appetite is a common and normal part of dying -- eating near the end of life may actually cause more discomfort than not eating. A conscious decision to give up food and/or water can be part of a person’s acceptance that death is near. 

If someone near the end of life wants to eat, offer small amounts of his or her favorite foods. Frequent, smaller portions of food may have greater appeal than large meals. If the person chooses not to eat despite previously asking for a specific food or meal, do not fret -- this is common. Just the act of preparing food can be a great way to express caring and love.

Providing liquids or feedings via tubes in veins or in the stomach does not relieve hunger or thirst, so this is not recommended near the end of life. These types of treatments can also cause discomfort rather than helping the person feel better. 

Caxechia (ka-KEK-sia) is a wasting syndrome that sometimes occurs with a serious illness such as cancer. It causes weight loss, muscle weakness, fatigue, and loss of appetite. Cachexia cannot be reversed with nutrition and increased food intake. At the present time, there is no cure for cachexia beyond treating the underlying illness. Some drugs are available that increase appetite and potentially improve how a person feels. 

Problems with skin can cause great discomfort. People at the end of life may be troubled by dryness, tenderness, sores, or feeling too hot or cold. With age, skin becomes drier and more fragile naturally, so it is important to take extra care with an older person’s skin. 

Here are some common skin issues that arise near the end of life and ideas for relieving them.

Sitting or lying in one position puts constant pressure on sensitive skin and bony points in the body such as elbows, tailbone, and heels. This can lead to painful bed sores (doctors and nurses may call them pressure ulcers). The first sign of a bed sore is usually a darkened or discolored area. These appear most frequently on heels, hips, the lower back, and the back of the head. 

Here are some ways to avoid bed sores.

Sores that won’t heal may require treatment by a specialist.

People who are dying may not be able to tell you that they are too hot or too cold, but you can watch for clues. For example, someone who is too warm may repeatedly push away a blanket. Pulling blankets up, hunching the shoulders, and shivering may be signs that someone is cold. 

To help, you can try a cool, damp cloth on the forehead of someone who seems too warm. To prevent chills, make sure there are no drafts, raise the heat, and add another blanket. Avoid electric blankets because they can get too hot. 

A fever can cause a dying person to feel too hot or cold. If you confirm the dying person’s temperature is above 98.6°, contact his or her health care provider about treating it. Usually a fever-reducing medicine like acetaminophen (Tylenol ®) may be offered. 

People near the end of life often feel tired and have little or no energy. This isn’t necessarily related to sleep and can be a symptom of the underlying illness and/or the dying process. There are several steps you can take to help a dying person conserve his or her strength.

Dementia, sometimes wrongly referred to as “senility,” is a loss of thinking, remembering, and reasoning skills that interferes with a person’s daily life and activities. Dementia ranges in severity from the mild stage, when it is just beginning to affect a person’s functioning, to the severe stage, when the person must depend completely on others for care. The most common type of dementia is Alzheimer’s disease. Although it is common in very elderly individuals, dementia is not a normal part of the aging process. 

Drugs are available to treat some of the conditions that cause dementia, even Alzheimer’s. Although they do not cure dementia or reverse brain damage, they can improve symptoms. A person with moderate to severe dementia may not be able to think well enough to do normal activities, such as getting dressed or eating. The person may lose the ability to solve problems or control emotions. The personality may change and the person may eventually become nonresponsive (catatonic). 

Caring for a person with dementia at home can be demanding and stressful for family caregivers (see  Caring for Someone with Alzheimer’s). Palliative care or hospice can be helpful in many ways to the family of a person with dementia (see Types of Care to learn more).

Delirium is a confused mental state that causes changes in awareness and behavior and may come and go during the day. A person with delirium may also have problems with

A person near the end of life may experience delirium. It is common in the last 24-48 hours of life due to organ failure. 

People with delirium can make a full recovery if the underlying cause is treatable and reversed. Creating a safe and soothing environment can help improve the course of delirium. You might try

The presence of a family member, friend, or a professional may reassure someone with delirium, preventing the need to medicate. Sedatives, sleeping medications, and other minor tranquilizers should be used sparingly unless the person is experiencing drug withdrawals.

Delirium and dementia have similar signs and symptoms, so it can be hard to tell them apart. They can also occur together. Here are some of the differences health care providers look for to make an accurate diagnosis. 

Onset: Delirium starts suddenly; dementia develops slowly. 

Course: Delirium symptoms fluctuate; dementia symptoms are stable. 

Duration: Delirium lasts hours to weeks; dementia is measured in months and years. 

 Attention: Delirium causes an inability to focus attention; in dementia, attention is more normal, at least in the early to moderate stages.